Monday, March 27, 2017

The Monkey King: The Edge of the Earth

When we left off last week, the Monkey King's actions had become too much for the Jade Emperor and his court. The gods had attempted to stop Sun Wukong, but he had handily bested their armies and escaped. Unable to do anything through their own actions, the gods appealed to the mightiest being of all...Buddha.

(Religion in ancient China is very similar to that of Rome, or Japan, or any number of non-Judeo-Christian countries. New gods were often brought to the country through trade routes. Rather than getting rid of the old gods, they were shuffled around to make room for the new religion's joining them. When Buddhism arrived in China, the old gods remained – but Buddha was added to many of the stories as the supreme power.)
 
When he heard the dilemma of the gods, Buddha set out to help. He approached the Monkey King and offered him a bet. Buddha challenged Sun Wukong, saying that the Monkey King couldn't stand in the palm of his hand and leap off of it. The Monkey King laughed and took up the challenge.

 
He leapt into the palm of Buddha. He sprang into the air, somersaulting as he did so. It was a truly impressive leap – Sun Wukong traveled thousands of miles in one bound. When he finally landed the Monkey King found himself standing next to five massive pillars rising from the mists. It looked like the edge of the earth, with nothing visible beyond the pillars. That showed Buddha! The Monkey King had traveled so far he'd nearly jumped off of the world!
 

Sun Wukong signed his name upon one of the pillars, to prove he had been there.


Then he jumped back the way he had came, once again soaring for thousands of miles. When he landed, he was back in the Buddha's palm.  But when the Monkey King declared that he had won the bet, Buddha only laughed at him.

The mighty Buddha declared that Sun Wukong had never even left his hand. He told the monkey to look closer at his fingers. When the Monkey King did so, he discovered writing on one of them – the same marks the Monkey King had made upon the “pillar”!  It had been the Buddha's finger all along!

Having lost the bet, Sun Wukong was imprisoned beneath a mountain for five hundred years. The Buddha had solved the Jade Emperor's problem.
 
We'll talk about what happened to the Monkey King after his 500 year sentence was complete next week. See you then!

Monday, March 20, 2017

The Monkey King: An Immortal Nuisance

Hello all, and happy spring!

When I left off last week, the Monkey King, a hero of Chinese mythology, was making mischief. Sun Wukong had defeated many immortals in combat. In addition, he had traveled to the underworld and crossed out the name of every monkey from the register of the dead, giving hell no claim over him. Reports were reaching the Jade Emperor of the Monkey King's exploits, and something had to be done...
 
In point of fact, the Monkey King had already been causing an enormous headache for the Jade Emperor. When the emissaries from the underworld approached the chief deity to complain about Sun Wukong's latest exploits, it was the straw which broke the camel's back. The Jade Emperor sent out a summons for the Monkey King, asking him to come to heaven and appear before the Jade Emperor himself.

Sun Wukong leapt upon the opportunity to enter heaven. Once there, he was thrilled to be offered a position among the gods by the Jade Emperor himself! The Monkey King was gifted the title of “Keeper of the Heavenly Stables”, and asked to look after the heaven's horses. He took his responsibility very seriously (or, at least, as seriously as the Monkey King took anything).
 
 
However, the title was a sham. In truth, the Jade Emperor merely wished to keep the Monkey King in heaven where he was close at hand, and easier to keep an eye on. Though Sun Wukong imagined himself the equal of the gods with his new, fancy title, he was little more than a glorified stable boy.
 
Eventually, the Monkey King realized that his title counted for nothing. Enraged, he stormed into the Jade Emperor's court. Sun Wukong declared that he would no longer be the Keeper of the Heavenly Stables. Instead, he wanted a new title, one that made him the equal of the gods. The Monkey King declared himself the “Great Sage, Equal of Heaven”. When the Monkey King defeated several of heaven's greatest warriors in combat, the gods were forced to recognize his new title.

Still, the Jade Emperor tried to keep the Monkey King uninvolved with heavenly affairs. He tasked him with guarding the gardens in which grow the peaches of immortality.

In hindsight, this was not the wisest choice.

I don't know how many of you have fruit trees growing near you. I have a citrus tree in my backyard. When it blooms in the spring, as it's doing now, it smells absolutely divine. Almost as good as the flower blossoms are the ripe fruits sitting in the hot summer air. It's a tantalizing smell which makes me crave citrus. Most fresh fruits are the same: lemons, cherries...peaches.

You see where this is going?

The Monkey King was on duty guarding the gardens one day when the smell overwhelmed him. He couldn't resist; he just had to sink his teeth into a juicy peach. And why stop with just one? By the time Sun Wukong was beginning to feel sated, most of the ripe fruits had been devoured.


Unfortunately, this was about the time when a group of heavenly maidens appeared to harvest the fruits.

Great timing, right?

The women were infuriated that the stupid monkey had eaten the peaches of immortality. As they ranted at him, they unintentionally let slip that the peaches were needed for a fancy banquet taking place later that afternoon. All of the high-ranking gods had been invited...but the Monkey King had not received an invitation.

He wasn't too pleased about that. In fact, he was furious.

Sun Wukong incapacitated the heavenly maidens and immediately set out for the banquet. He arrived before the other guests and found all of the food laid out. The Monkey King set to work.

He ate the peaches of immortality. He swallowed the pills of longevity. He drank the Emperor's wine. The Monkey King worked his way up and down the banquet table, sampling anything and everything – whatever he felt like.

When the Jade Emperor saw the mess that Sun Wukong had made of the banquet, his patience was at an end. He commanded the armies of heaven to subdue the Monkey King. Though he was perfectly capable of defeating several opponents at once, Sun Wukong was hopelessly outnumbered.

But the Monkey King had some tricks up his sleeves (fur?). He plucked a hair from his tail, blew on it, and whispered a word. The hair immediately transformed into a copy of the monkey. He repeated this trick with a whole handful of hairs, and soon Sun Wukong himself was standing back, watching the armies of heaven fight his copies.


The battle went on for some time, but eventually a great Bodhisattva (the title for a prestigious follower of Buddha, one who has achieved enlightenment but has chosen to remain on earth rather than enter nirvana, in order to help guide others to enlightenment) was able to render him unconscious.

The Jade Emperor demanded that the Monkey King be killed, but that was impossible. Born from stone, his skin had already been tough. Between all of the peaches he had eaten and the pills of longevity he had consumed, Sun Wukong was pretty much invincible.

One of the gods suggested that Sun Wukong be locked in a cage and slowly burned. Fire would still be an effective tool against the monkey, and his ashes could be used to recreate the pills of longevity for the gods to consume. This plan was agreed to. However, Sun Wukong woke up partway through the process and escaped the cage. Thoroughly fed up with heaven, he made his escape.

By now the Jade Emperor was filled with wrath at the mere thought of the Monkey King. Something had to be done to stop him! However, his own forces had scarcely been enough to knock Sun Wukong unconscious the first time. In order to stop the monkey, he would need help from a force even more powerful...

To be continued! I'll see you guys next week.

 

Monday, March 13, 2017

The Monkey King: From Birth to "Death"

Hey guys! Today I'm going to begin a series of posts about the Monkey King. The Monkey King, also known as Sun Wukong, is one of the most beloved characters from Chinese mythology. His tale blends elements of classical mythology, Taoism, and Buddhism, along with a roaring good time and a fantastic sense of humor. The Monkey King is the Trickster of Chinese mythology, though he has more in common with the (usually) benevolent Hermes of the Greek mythos than he does with the nefarious Loki from the Norse myths. The full story of Sun Wukong can be found in the story Journey to the West, but I'll highlight some of his exploits for the next several weeks.

Shall we begin the story of the monkey?

Long ago, on the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit, there stood a great stone. The stone had rested on that mountain since the formation of the earth. One day, however, the stone changed: it grew a womb. Months later the stone cracked, revealing an egg inside. From this egg hatched a monkey – or, rather, a Monkey.


The Monkey wandered the mountain and eventually found a group of wild monkeys. They had many adventures, including one in which the Monkey found the tribe a home in a cave behind a waterfall. For this, he was named their king.

As time passed, the Monkey King grew skilled in the martial arts. He acquired a magical golden staff, which was able to grow or shrink to whatever size he desired. When not using it in combat, the Monkey King would shrink his staff to the size of a needle and tuck it behind his ear.


The Monkey King fought many demons and monsters, triumphing over them all. Eventually, however, a fight came which no mortal can triumph over. The forces of Hell came to claim the Monkey King, for the time had come for his death.

Of course, the Monkey King refused to go quietly. They had to drag him to Hell, and the Monkey King protested all the while. When they were within the underworld he grabbed the small needle which lay behind his ear, transforming it once more into his mighty staff. The Monkey King fought the forces of the underworld and triumphed, giving them a sound thrashing.


When his foes lay groaning at his feet, the Monkey King did the unexpected: he charged further into Hell. Your average person would want to escape the underworld, right? Well, not the Monkey King. He knew that his name was in the register of the dead. If he escaped, it would be only a matter of time before they came for him again. Besides, the Monkey King cared deeply about his tribe of monkeys. He didn't want death to claim them either.
 
So Sun Wukong charged into the courts of Hell and demanded to see the judges of the dead. They cowered before him as he ordered them to produce the register of the dead. Seeing his name within it, along with the names of all of the monkeys, the Monkey King flew into a rage. He seized a bottle of ink and a brush. All of the names were crossed out with broad strokes of the brush.

His work complete, the Monkey King stormed out of the underworld. He awoke back in his home with the other monkeys, who insisted that their king had been dreaming. But Sun Wukong knew the truth, and rested easily knowing that death no longer held sway over any of the monkeys.

But all was not well, for word had reached the Jade Emperor of the impertinent Monkey King. Complaints had already been trickling in for some time, for Sun Wukong had picked fights with many an immortal being. When the emissaries from the underworld came to the Jade Emperor to complain, he knew that something had to be done about the Monkey...

I'll end there for today, and I'll see you guys next week!

 

Monday, March 6, 2017

Pan Hu: The Princess and the Dog

Hey guys! Today's post is a relatively short story, in part because I've been wanting to tell it and in part because midterms are here. I'll have a special treat for you next week – the first of my posts about the Monkey King!

Today's story is about a dog named Panhu. The character plays an important role in the King Pan Festival. Some cultures in China trace their lineage back to Pan Hu's ancestry. Let's dive into the myth!

Once there was a mighty king in China. There came a time when his queen developed a most dreadful earache. The king sent for physicians and wizards, until at last one was able to solve his wife's ailment. The man extracted a small golden worm from the queen's ear, and the pain immediately went away.

Instead of killing it, the queen was intrigued by the worm. She put it on a plate and covered it in a small jar, leaving some food and drink out for the creature. Several days passed. When next the queen checked on the worm, she discovered that a small dog rested upon the plate – the worm had transformed!
 
The dog was named after the plate and the jar, resulting in the name of Pan Hu. He grew rapidly, until he was soon nearly the size of a man on his back legs. The king was quite fond of Pan Hu and kept him always by his side.

Because of this, Pan Hu learned of some of the king's problems. A neighboring kingdom was at war with him, and it didn't look as if the king could win. He had put out a bounty on the enemy king, promising to reward the hand of his daughter in marriage to whoever killed the other king and brought his head as proof. Unfortunately, due to the enemy king's military prowess, no one was willing to try.

Well...no human, any way.

Upon hearing of the bounty, Pan Hu disappeared for several days. The king was very worried, for no one knew where he had gone. Imagine his surprise when, several days later, Pan Hu reappeared – carrying the head of the king's worst enemy!

(Not all versions of the story tell of how Pan Hu defeated the enemy king. One which I have gives an explanation I quite enjoy, however – one similar to the Greek Trojan horse. Pan Hu went straight to the enemy king's castle. Upon seeing him, the king declared that his opponent's favorite dog had deserted him, and that it was obviously a good omen of his impending victory. A celebration was held. Pan Hu waited until the whole castle was drunk, then beheaded the king and went on his way.)

A great feast was held in celebration, with the best cuts of meat reserved for Pan Hu. Despite this honor, the dog refused to partake in the feast, and instead sulked in the corner. The king abruptly remembered his promise to marry his daughter to whoever defeated his opponent. He went before Pan Hu and tried to explain. Surely the dog did not expect to marry the princess? After all, she was a human, and he was a...well, a dog!

Much to the king's surprise, Pan Hu spoke to answer him! The dog explained that if it was only his animal form which was preventing the marriage, it could be easily fixed. If Pan Hu was placed beneath a golden bell and left there for seven days, without anyone looking at him, he would become a man.

The king agreed to this, and the dog was placed beneath a golden bell. Six days passed without incident, but partway through the seventh the princess herself grew worried about Pan Hu. No food or drink had been left with him, and she did not want the dog to waste away. She lifted the bell ever so slightly to slip a drink underneath –
– and the spell was broken.

 
The transformation had mostly finished, leaving Pan Hu with the body of a man. However, his head remained that of a dog. Despite this, the king honored his agreement and married his daughter to Pan Hu. The princess and Pan Hu went on to have many children, whose descendants are the Yao of China.
 
I hope you guys enjoyed the story! I love that a dog succeeded where no mortal man could.

See you next week!